Affordance,Common Ground, Deictic references,

Affordance:

Affordance is when a users seeing a new thing, users can not only recognizes the purpose of it, but also recognizes how it can be use and how to operate it immediately. For example, when you see a door handle, you know here is a path to somewhere else, and you know when you pull/push the handle, the door will open. Affordance is people can easly get konwing new things bise on their previous knowledge and experience.

Common Ground

The Clark’s common ground theory has illustrated a clear picture of the human communication process. It states that all of the communication actions are the collaborative activities that require the participants share the common goal and responsibly to achieve that goal. The coordination mechanism has been used as a shared basis that ensures participants to believe the existence of the same common joint goal between them during the communication actions. The shared basis is common ground. According to Clark, the using of language and the way of communication between human beings are highly depending on the collaboration of speaker and listener. In order to develop a common ground, the speaker presents an utterance to express a meaning and the listener gives evidence of understanding of that presentation. The common ground processing consists of several pairs of presentation and acceptance.

Deictic references

The deictic references are the collectively orientation features of human language. It is used for pointing out and clarifying the space, time, location and other significant information in the human linguistic communication.